Principle of teaching Essay

Keeping up a situation for ï ¬ rst-class advanced education Nine instructive standards support the University of Melbourne’s educating and learning targets. These standards speak to the mutual view inside the University of the procedures and conditions that add to ï ¬ rst-class advanced education. The nine standards were ï ¬ rst embraced by the University’s Academic Board in 2002. This restored version of the record reï ¬â€šects the strong changes the University has experienced from that point forward with the execution of the Melbourne Model. Numerous components of the nine standards are installed in the way of thinking of the Melbourne Model. The arrangement of a partner understanding, the expansiveness segment, research-drove instructing, thoughtfulness regarding the physical and scholarly learning condition, information move openings: these highlights of the Melbourne Model fuse the nine standards on an auxiliary level, strengthening their significance and the University’s responsibility to them. Parts of the standards controlling information move as to instructing and learning are the most signiï ¬ cant increases and keeping in mind that they are installed all through the archive, they are especially gathered in standards two and seven. On a basic level two the interrelations between research, information move and educating and learning are depicted while on a basic level seven the viable components of installing information move in instructing and learning are examined. Nine core values 1. A climate of scholarly energy 2. A concentrated examination and information move culture saturating all educating and learning exercises 3. A lively and grasping social setting 4. A global and socially various learning condition 5. Unequivocal concern and backing for singular turn of events 6. Clear scholastic desires and guidelines 7 Learning patterns of experimentation, input and appraisal . 8. Premium quality learning spaces, assets and advances 9. A versatile educational program The nine core values are interrelated and reliant. Some identify with the expansive scholarly condition of the University while others portray speciï ¬ c segments of the educating and learning process. Together, these standards reï ¬â€šect the parity of proof in the exploration writing on the conditions under which understudy learning flourishes. Every guideline has an immediate bearing on the nature of students’ scholarly turn of events and their general understanding of college life and past as they leave on a procedure of deep rooted learning, whether or not they go to the University as undergrad, postgraduate coursework or postgraduate exploration understudies. Conventional articulations of convictions, qualities and practices can't totally catch the assorted variety and variety present in a huge and complex University. In any case, the fundamental standards introduced in this archive remain constant in spite of varieties over the orders in conventions of grant and in methods of reasoning and approaches towards educating and learning. Without a doubt, the nine standards portrayed here help the procedure of interdisciplinary learning empowered by the Melbourne Model: they give a structure under which educators from various foundations and orders can cooperate to design, create and give reasonable interdisciplinary learning encounters to understudies. A definitive goal of the University of Melbourne’s educating and learning programs is to get ready alumni with particular traits †depicted in the following segment †that empower them to add to our ever-changing worldwide setting in an important and positive manner. The motivation behind the current record is to manage the support and upgrade of instructing and learning principles that serve this end. It is an announcement of what the University people group esteems. All things considered, it has optimistic characteristics and the proposals for good practice offered give praiseworthy benchmarks to which the University is submitted inside the accessibility of assets. Obligations The upkeep of the University of Melbourne’s educating and learning condition is the duty of the entire establishment. This archive identiï ¬ es different University, Faculty and individual duties, however not the entirety of the point by point suggestions apply similarly to all individuals from the University people group. The Academic Board is capable to the University Council for the improvement of scholarly arrangement and the oversight of every scholastic movement of the University of Melbourne, remembering the conservation of exclusive expectations for educating and examination. It has center quality confirmation capacities, including the endorsement of choice measures, the checking of understudy progress, the endorsement of new and changed courses, and the observing of the nature of educating and learning. The Provost is capable to the Vice-Chancellor for the direct, coordination, and nature of the University’s scholastic projects and the arranging of their future turn of events. The Provost gives scholastic authority, working in close joint effort with the Academic Board, senior members and expert staff to guarantee the arrangement of responsibility, spending plans and activities in the conveyance of scholarly projects and predictable, top notch understudy support. The Academic Board and Provost together guarantee that the University: †¢ perceives and remunerates greatness in educating through its arrangements in staff enlistment, determination and advancement models; †¢ gives broad chances to proficient improvement in educating and learning; †¢ underpins and advances research-drove instructing; †¢ creates and keeps up top notch instructing and learning spaces and assets; †¢ puts high significance on the spot of information move exercises in making its degrees pertinent and unmistakable and bolsters its staff and understudies in seeking after such exercises; †¢ energizes and underpins imaginative ways to deal with educating and getting the hang of, including through the utilization of progressions in data and interchanges innovation; and †¢ gives components to on-going educational plan survey including all partners (understudies, network, industry, proficient affiliations, and scholastics) of the substance, structure and conveyance of courses and the learning encounters of understudies. The University is focused on the grant of instructing in the conviction that scholastic staff in an exploration drove condition ought to apply insightful standards to instructing and to the authority of understudy learning. By and by, the grant of instructing includes scholastic staff being acquainted with and drawing on investigation into the connection among educating and understudy learning. It additionally includes assessing and reï ¬â€šecting on the consequences for understudy learning of educational program plan, information move exercises, showing styles and ways to deal with evaluation. The current archive is intended to help thought of the University’s commitments as far as the grant of instructing and to aid the survey and improvement of the nature of individual educating rehearses. Understudies have duties too for the nature of instructing and learning. The adequacy of an advanced education condition can't be communicated basically as far as the test, help, backing and assets gave by showing staff and the University as a foundation. Understudies have correlative duties. Understudies have obligations regarding their own advancement through their degree of commitment, responsibility and time committed to consider. Understudies additionally have commitments to add to the creation and upkeep of a powerful generally speaking educating and learning condition. These commitments include: †¢ teaming up with different understudies in learning; †¢ adding to the University people group and partaking in life past the study hall; †¢ building up a limit with regards to enduring unpredictability and, where fitting, vagueness; †¢ regarding the perspectives of others; †¢ being reï ¬â€šective, imaginative, liberal and open to new thoughts; †¢ effectively taking part in conversation and discussion; †¢ looking for help and direction from staff when essential; †¢ tolerating the duty to move towards scholarly freedom; †¢ being comfortable with the Graduate Attributes and intentionally endeavoring to procure them; †¢ regarding and conforming to the shows of scholastic grant, particularly concerning the initiation of thoughts; and †¢ giving thought about criticism to the University and its staff on the nature of educating and University administrations. The Attributes of University of Melbourne Graduates The University of Melbourne Graduate Attributes are more than basically an optimistic vision of what the University trusts understudies may become during their candidature. They can be utilized for all intents and purposes to direct the arranging and advancement of educating, information move and exploration to guarantee the University’s understudies gain the experience, aptitudes and information essential for graduates in today’s complex worldwide condition. Graduate Attributes The Melbourne Experience empowers graduates to turn into: Scholastically magnificent Graduates will be relied upon to: †¢ have a solid feeling of scholarly honesty and the morals of grant †¢ have inside and out information on their master discipline(s) †¢ arrive at an elevated level of accomplishment recorded as a hard copy, nonexclusive examination exercises, critical thinking and correspondence †¢ be basic and inventive masterminds, with a fitness for proceeded with self-coordinated learning †¢ be skilled at learning in a scope of ways, including through data and correspondence advancements Educated across disciplines Graduates will be required to: †¢ analyze fundamentally, blend

Decision Making and Problem Solving †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Decision Making and Problem Solving. Answer: Presentation: Examination of the business tasks of Apple shows that the business experiences gracefully chain issues. In itself, working conditions in various assembling areas of Apple Inc is essentially an issue in the gracefully chain of the organization (Zsambok 2014). The collecting accomplice of Apple Inc that is Foxconn has likewise articulated about having poor conditions. Basically, in industrial facility of Foxconn, their premise of laborers likewise should be a theme for additional conversation just as thought. According to a report distributed in the year 2010, well beyond 900000 representatives in the stockrooms and heaps of them were essentially understudies that were between the age scopes of 16 years to 18 years who were constrained to chip away at the line for a long time (Apple 2017). What's more, the Chinese distribution centers additionally have a few laborers who are constrained to work extra time on an ordinary way. Be that as it may, in view of a similar article it tends to b e said that the aftereffects of a review mirroring that 73.3% of representatives work 10 hours or more in a day, the normal additional time is around 83.2 hours in a month. This can be alluded to as a reasonable infringement of the official work guidelines, which basically confine month to month additional time to around 36 hours consistently. As needs be, out of 20 laborers who endeavored self destruction, around 14 of them prevailing in their endeavors, in current history. In any case, again at Foxlink that is another segment provider of Apple, a Chinese laborer ended it all during 2012. Basically, there are significant alarms in regards to the working conditions in especially Foxconn distribution centers and different stockrooms of providers of Apple Inc. Furthermore, the second matter of worry of Apple Inc can be related to the relationship between the enterprise and the providers (Proctor 2014). According to a report articulated in The Wall Street Journal, Apple Inc can't document the whole expectation number of deals by the end of the year 2012 inferable from an insufficient flexibly chain (Apple 2017). Besides, providers of Apple don't have the capacity to create sufficient parts for the interest of the item. Despite the fact that Apple Inc has a few providers all around the world, when the whole chain of gracefully is assessed piece by piece, it tends to be seen that a few constituents are chips just as LCD boards. Probably the biggest provider of LCD screen has the arrangement to end giving various items to Apple as uncovered in The Korea Times, as the Korean organization no longer thinks that its worthwhile to continue helping out Apple. Inferable from this, Apple may be left with just two providers of LCD screens who have lack ing experience. By and by, the two providers LGD and AUO are the ones Apple needs to help. Essentially, this can coordinate the route towards inadequate number of items to satisfy the need of the market can cause a major misfortune as far as deals for the organization Apple Inc (Apple 2017). Insufficient control by Apple Inc as respects get together makers additionally make an obstacle in conveyance attributable to issues with the laborers uprising (Taylor 2013). Basically, things are going downhill as respects flexibly chain of Apple Inc, in this way, the cutting edge organization want to embrace activity on the off chance that it expects to keep on to keeping up past degrees of accomplishment. Organization has tilted creative projects that basically tweak and upgrade the inward procedures of the business. In any case, the organization faces certain issues in the worldwide economy that incorporates aggregation of capital for different non-beneficial use. Bain pronounces that by the end of the period 2020, the complete monetary resources in the whole world will add up to $900 trillion and the outcome of the equivalent can undermine a flood in non-money related resource costs specifically items (Apple 2017). Along these lines, Apple can be viewed as a manifestation of that issue accumulating money it gets too terrified else astute dull to spend. Once more, it tends to be seen that there is development in the worldwide white collar class that will be seriously asset hungry and this can either make tremendous issues or probably openings because of the pace of improvement (Pettigrew 2014). In this manner, it very well may be thus said that the eventual fate of America for the mo st part depends on the world framework capacity in procedure of advancement. Apple has fundamentally made a novel market and changed the whole structure of the market of both music just as portable businesses. Nonetheless, as respects flexibly chain process, there is significant distinction from different firms. By and by, fruitful organizations present a change by making illogical thoughts conceivable. Right off the bat, the executives of Apple attempted to determine the issues of gracefully chain by following the methodology Customer Comes First, Cost Cutting comes next (Apple 2017). Basically, Steve Jobs thought about that Apple Inc wants to make prevalent items. To the extent new and imaginative items have a solid offer just as separation, appropriately conveying items to explicit clients can't end up being an issue. Furthermore, individuals from the staff of the firm Apple Inc invest gigantic energy with various providers to make precisely structured items as Apple needed (Pettigrew 2014). As Apple Inc has a few retail locations, the administration of the organization can make request estimate without any problem. In this way, Apple Inc can improve the stock turnover by declining the normal stock. In the event that if Apple keeps up increasingly number of stocks, it is progressively plausible to get harmed or, more than likely out of date. The item life pattern of Apple Inc is longer than regular things with the goal that the firm Apple Inc isn't effectively influenced by various occasional aspects. Regardless, the board of Apple Inc makes forceful strides during the period goodness occasions. As request of differing items can get improved during the period the board of Apple can put arranges via air instead of ocean. Generally, this is basically in light of the fact that Shipping Corporation by especially transport takes a ton in contrast with airship cargo. Besides, Apple has an industrial facility in California with the goal that the organization orders various item s from the manufacturing plant, bringing about improved procedure of gracefully chain (Apple 2017). Retail locations of Apple fundamentally go about as a stocking point between both upstream just as downstream. At last, streamlining techniques of item can be viewed as a suitable system that can be utilized for disposal of pointless lines of item. In that capacity, this can be related to lean assembling. The administration of the organization partitioned their items into various classifications with the goal that administration could deal with and decrease the complexity of gracefully chain. Likewise, gracefully chain the executives practices of Apple Inc additionally remember unprecedented control for stock and confounded programming frameworks that can be viewed as clear-cut advantages that keep Apple on the overall head board. The flexibly chain systems of Apple for defeating distinguished issues incorporate keeping up supported authority in the activity of gracefully chain (Velasquez and Hester 2013). Far beyond this, organizations procedure additionally incorporates distinguishing proof of the idea of an answer of gracefully chain and arrangement of new path with the interest creation capacities. Apples Supply Chain Model: The basic methodologies that are used by the firm Apple in tending to the recognized issue incorporate appropriation of the Apples Supply Chain that centers around innovative work, testing of idea, pre-propelling, propelling and quarterly looking into. Basically, flexibly chain arranging especially at Apple Inc. can be dissected by content investigation component that can help in understanding gracefully chain of present day. New Product Development Process of Supply Chain Planning: The administration of gracefully chain process at Apple Inc incorporates new item advancement technique (NPD). Basically, it is a digestion of innovative work, advertising and different capacities under explicitly gracefully chain the executives that can help in securing of licenses and outsider organizations. For this situation, the executives of Apple Inc makes prepayments to various providers so as to make sure about vital crude materials and tackle complexities of gracefully chain (Apple 2017). Stock Control Approach: Inventory turnover control can be viewed as a conventional monetary measurement to decide the way the organization can proficiently use the money related asset so as to create deals (Velasquez and Hester 2013). Keeping up all out number of significant providers: The flexibly chain the executives in Apple Inc likewise manages keeping up connections between various accomplices of exchanging. Working intimately with key partners can realize serious advantage to the whole firm (Velasquez and Hester 2013). Apple has around 156 merchants over the world. Basically, this measure of providers can be viewed as reasonable. The executives of Different Facilities of Warehouses: The transportation cost can be viewed as one of the most noteworthy piece of the expense of coordinations (Brodbeck and Guillaume 2015). From that point, great administration of related capacity is vital. Apple Inc has a halfway arranged distribution center in California for the board of flexibly chain. Stock Keeping Unit: Stock keeping unit additionally just alluded to as SKA is a significant sign of flexibly chain multifaceted design (Pettigrew 2014). Once more, another significant model of especially telephone however different programming is respected a different thing. Item Life Cycle Approach: The item life cycle approach embraced by the board of Apple helps in understanding the degree to which items can be sold. Life of significant results of Apple Inc is far beyond a year (Apple 2017). Request guaging utilizing life cycle can be respected to be complicated for facilitating gracefully chain issues (Taylor 2013). The administration of Apple Inc can react better by appropriately utili

How Pristiq Works for Panic Disorder

How Pristiq Works for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print How Pristiq Works for Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Tom Varco/Wikimedia Commons More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand SNRIs How Pristiq Treats Panic Common Side Effects Serious Side Effects How Long It Takes to Work Risk Factors View All Back To Top Antidepressant medications are frequently prescribed to help in managing the symptoms of panic disorder.?? Pristiq, the brand name for desvenlafaxine, is one type of antidepressant medication used in the treatment of panic disorder. SNRIs Pristiq belongs to a class of antidepressants called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Other common SNRIs include Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine). These medications were first used to treat mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder. SNRIs were later found to be an  effective treatment for a variety of mental health conditions.?? Currently, SNRIs are also used to treat panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD). Theyve also been found to be beneficial in treating pain associated with medical conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). How Pristiq Treats Panic Disorder Naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, known as neurotransmitters, are responsible for various bodily functions. These chemical messengers are believed to be imbalanced for those with mental health conditions. Antidepressants work to restabilize certain neurotransmitters. Pristiq specifically impacts the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine?, both of which are thought to be dysregulated in people with panic disorder.?? Serotonin influences many functions including your mood and sleep regulation. Norepinephrine is connected to the fight-or-flight response, which is the way you react to stress and anxiety. Pristiq can help bring equilibrium to these two neurotransmitters, leading to reduced anxiety, less severe panic attacks, and enhanced mood. How SNRIs Work to Treat Panic Disorder Common Side Effects As with any prescribed medication, there are potential side effects of taking Pristiq.?? Here are some of the most common side effects: ConstipationDry mouthDrowsiness and fatigueYawningSexual side effectsDizzinessSweatingAppetite lossStrange dreams You may experience some, all, or none of these side effects. Typically, they diminish or become more manageable over time. When taking Pristiq, consult your doctor if your side effects persist or worsen. Serious Side Effects Contact  your prescribing doctor or pharmacy immediately if you show any strange symptoms or any of these serious side effects:?? An  allergic drug interaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, mouth, or tongue, choking sensations, rash, or hivesHeadacheNauseaCoughSeizuresNosebleedsWeaknessDifficulty concentratingFallingFaintingConfusionUnusual bleeding or bruisingHallucinationsFeverVomitingDiarrheaChest painCoordination difficulties How Long It Takes to Work You probably wont notice immediate improvements when taking Pristiq for the symptoms of panic disorder. Though you may notice changes within a few days to a few weeks when youre first on Pristiq, it may take some time following your treatment plan to see the fuller effects.?? Risk Factors Some of the risk factors involved in taking Pristiq include:?? Black box warning:  In 2007, Pristiq and other antidepressants were given whats called a “black box warning.” This label was prompted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after it was determined that these medications could potentially increase the user’s risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Adolescents and young adults can be especially impacted by this possible side effect. Any young person taking Pristiq must be closely monitored for mood alterations and suicidal thoughts.Alcohol consumption:  Drinking alcohol is not recommended while taking Pristiq as doing so may increase the toxicity of this medication. This can lead to ineffectiveness.Pregnancy/nursing:  Its possible to pass Pristiq to a child during pregnancy or while nursing. If youre pregnant or nursing, consult your doctor about the possible risks of taking Pristiq.Older adults:  The side effects of Pristiq can be more intense for older adults. Monitoring and dosage changes can be made to reduce side effects in older adults. A Word From Verywell The information provided here is meant to be an overview of using Pristiq for panic disorder. It doesnt cover all possible scenarios, such as overdose symptoms, precautions, and contraindications. Always consult your medical provider or pharmacist about any questions or concerns you may have about your Pristiq prescription. Medications to Treat Panic Disorder

American Dream How To Pursuit This Dream - 958 Words

The Pursuit of the American Dream What is the American Dream and how does one obtain it? That question can be answered in a multitude of ways. For some achieving the American Dream means living a better, richer and happier life. Others believe it has more emphasis on just living simply and having a fulfilling life; also having the opportunity to become anything one desires with little determination and hard work. In Watson’s Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream, immigrants, who came to Lawrence in hopes of obtaining a better life, stood up for their rights and fought for a better life. The immigrant’s path to the American Dream was a search for opportunity and dignity. When man is forced to live in†¦show more content†¦O’Sullivan reported the strike committee â€Å"developed leadership among the workers of the most surprising caliber and personality.† The committee established a relief system that assured no one starved during the strike. Child ren of the strikers were sent to live with sympathetic families in other cities so that the strikers would not be forced back into the factories because of hungry children, a tactic used successfully in Europe. On February 24th, a group of mothers accompanied their children to the railroad station. One group of women carried a banner proclaiming, We want bread and roses too. Roses signified the respect due to them as women, rather than just as cheap labor. The slogan caught on and provided the refrain for a popular new song—and the name of one of the most important events in American labor history. Police brutally clubbed the women and their children and threw them into patrol wagons. The ugly scene of February 24th was reported across the nation. Here it’s seen the Watson’s sympathies lie with the immigrants. And the immigrants have shown that they have the power to determine how this strike will play out. In mid-March, after nine weeks, â€Å"an agreement wa s finally reached† (Watson 206), between the workers and owners and the strike ends in their favor. The 1912 labor strike in Lawrence was the first time such large numbers of unskilled andShow MoreRelated The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesis the character of the American Dream in which, in their respective ways, his principle heroes are all trapped.†, can be justified through Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and his short story â€Å"Winter Dreams†. In both pieces of literature, Fitzgerald explores and comments upon Americans and their pursuit of the American Dream through Jay Gatsby and Dexter Green’s pursuit of their â€Å"golden girls†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fitzgerald shows that the American Dream is not easily achievedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1707 Words   |  7 PagesStates, the pursuit of wealth through hard work is the main principle and guideline of life. 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Martin Luther King Jr. wanted every human being, regardless of their race to be treated fairly or just. Independence Day was the day on July 4, 1776 where fifty-sixRead More6. The Value/Danger Of Wealth. These Few Words By John1254 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess of a person, but the pursuit of opulence twisted foundation of the American dream by resulting in greediness. Money enticed people into accomplishing a directive due to its great worth, which could potentially result in good consequences or bad consequences. Wealth can bring about high values and through those high values it could pose the threat of false happiness and popularity, the motivations behind the pursuit of wealth, and the brokenness of the American dream. Happiness and popularity

Ziek Sanchez. Massie And Perry . Pd. 3. April 12, 2017.

Ziek Sanchez Massie and Perry Pd. 3 April 12, 2017 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder From The Vietnam War The Vietnam war was one of the most alarming and dangerous wars to fight. Every step in the Vietnam jungle was taken cautiously. The guerrilla warfare used by the Vietcong was frightening to anticipate. The majority of the United States army was only that of young men who had been chosen through the draft. Young men going to school and living a life at home in safety all the sudden having to make an overwhelming transition into a deadly, violent and nearly hopeless battlefield. This was only the beginning of problems for the future vietnam survivors. The violence of the Vietnam War brought upon the recognition of Post Traumatic Stress†¦show more content†¦When the body does not calm down sometime after the situation it experiences PTSD. Soon after, suffering from nightmares, lack of sleep and flashbacks become common side effects of the disorder. The Vietnam War was one of the most intense, stressful and exhilarating wars to fight due to the factors of fear and not knowing t he surrounding environment. Vietnam’s land is a jungle filled with natural dangers. Monsoons were common on the Vietnam land, which made harsh wet and hot fighting conditions. Animals such as snakes and scorpions made it dangerous to wander blindly in the jungle. On top of all the natural dangers and conditions of the land, the communist enemy known as the Vietcong were known for their use of booby traps such as bear traps, wooden stakes applied to dangerous designs, and use of poison. American soldiers found these factors made it hard to fight a war and found it even harder to fight when the U.S Army couldn’t discriminate the enemy from civilians. The Vietcong and South Vietnamese were the same people with different views, so this made war hard to fight when it is nearly impossible to identify the enemy. The use of guerrilla warfare made it difficult to beat the enemy in a foreign jungle terrain. The Vietcong having the upper hand in almost every aspect of the war mad e warfare conditions very stressful for American soldiers. Most of the American soldiers were already experiencing anxiety and stress due

Fuzzy Logic Free Essays

Overview The reasoning in fuzzy logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terminology used in fuzzy logic not used in other methods are: very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. [4] [edit]Degrees of truth Fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic are mathematically similar – both have truth values ranging between 0 and 1 – but conceptually distinct, due to different interpretations—see interpretations of probability theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to â€Å"degrees of truth†, while probabilistic logic corresponds to â€Å"probability, likelihood†; as these differ, fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them can be represented by a certain fuzzy set. Then one might define the glass as being 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. edit]Applying truth values A basic application might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several separate membership functions defining particular temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled. Fuzzy logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature scale. A point on that scale has three â€Å"truth values†Ã¢â‚¬â€one for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as â€Å"not hot†. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as â€Å"slightly warm† and the blue arrow (pointing at 0. 8) â€Å"fairly cold†. [edit]Linguistic variables While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5] A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. [edit]Example Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF-THEN rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices. Rules are usually expressed in the form: IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this: IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no â€Å"ELSE† – all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be â€Å"cold† and â€Å"normal† at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and omplement; when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y: NOT x = (1 – truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as â€Å"very†, or â€Å"somewhat†, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. [edit]Logical analysis In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of â€Å"fuzzy logic†; most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. edit]Propositional fuzzy logics The most important propositional fuzzy logics are: Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is product t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelka’s logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. edit]Predicate fuzzy logics These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. [edit]Decidability i ssues for fuzzy logic The notions of a â€Å"decidable subset† and â€Å"recursively enumerable subset† are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic. Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. U denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,1]. A fuzzy subset s : S [0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h : S? N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement –s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds true (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable. In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermann’s paper). Another open uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godel’s theorems to fuzzy logic. [edit]Fuzzy databases Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova’s dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fuk ami model or the GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. [edit]Comparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko argues[citation needed] that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty. He also claims[citation needed] to have proven a derivation of Bayes’ theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. [6]) [edit]See also Logic portal Thinking portal Artificial intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert system False dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classification Fuzzy concept Fuzzy Control Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine learning Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite element Noise-based logic [edit]Notes ^ Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 ^ â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets†, Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. ^ James A. O’Brien; George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 431. ^ Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 ^ Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable tool for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and System s 156 (2005) 341—348. [edit]Bibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B. C. (2010). â€Å"Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis†. Applied Soft Computing 10 (3): 926–937. Biacino, L. ; Gerla, G. (2002). â€Å"Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness†. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7): 643–667. doi:10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook: a practitioner’s guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. Boston: AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). â€Å"Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics†. Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 (1): 137–162. doi:10. 2178/jsl/1140641166. ISSN 0022-4812. Hajek, Petr (1998). Metamathematics of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 0792352386. Hajek, Petr (1995). â€Å"Fuzzy logic and arithmetical hierarchy†. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 3 (8): 359–363. doi:10. 1016/0165-0114(94)00299-M. ISSN 0165-0114. Halpern, Joseph Y. (2003). Reasoning about uncertainty. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08320-5. Hoppner, Frank; Klawonn, F. ; Kruse, R. ; Runkler, T. (1999). Fuzzy cluster analysis: methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98864-2. Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. 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Zimmermann, H. (2001). Fuzzy set theory and its applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-7435-5. [edit]External links How to cite Fuzzy Logic, Papers

Ambiguous Claims Quiz Essay Example

Ambiguous Claims Quiz Essay Ambiguous Claims Quiz I (See related pages) Your Results: The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . Identify the ambiguity in these examples. 1 A claim whose ambiguity is due to the ambiguity of a particular word or phrase. B) Semantic ambiguity. 2 A claim whose ambiguity is due to a problem with its structure. B) Syntactic ambiguity. 3 A claim whose ambiguity rests on a confusion between a collection of entities or individual entities. A) Grouping ambiguity. 4 This morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. B) Syntactic Ambiguity 5 Hands were around before forks were. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 6 Our mothers bore us. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 7 I thought your driveway was longer than it is. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 8 Newspaper headline: Unskilled Workers Get Shot at Jobs. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity Americans have shown themselves willing to drop nuclear weapons. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 10 Dad, for my lunch tomorrow you should peel the star fruit and then cut it into pieces and put them in a plastic bag. Its easier that way. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 11 Sign in front of a vacant lot: Fine for Littering. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer