Principle of teaching Essay

Keeping up a situation for ï ¬ rst-class advanced education Nine instructive standards support the University of Melbourne’s educating and learning targets. These standards speak to the mutual view inside the University of the procedures and conditions that add to ï ¬ rst-class advanced education. The nine standards were ï ¬ rst embraced by the University’s Academic Board in 2002. This restored version of the record reï ¬â€šects the strong changes the University has experienced from that point forward with the execution of the Melbourne Model. Numerous components of the nine standards are installed in the way of thinking of the Melbourne Model. The arrangement of a partner understanding, the expansiveness segment, research-drove instructing, thoughtfulness regarding the physical and scholarly learning condition, information move openings: these highlights of the Melbourne Model fuse the nine standards on an auxiliary level, strengthening their significance and the University’s responsibility to them. Parts of the standards controlling information move as to instructing and learning are the most signiï ¬ cant increases and keeping in mind that they are installed all through the archive, they are especially gathered in standards two and seven. On a basic level two the interrelations between research, information move and educating and learning are depicted while on a basic level seven the viable components of installing information move in instructing and learning are examined. Nine core values 1. A climate of scholarly energy 2. A concentrated examination and information move culture saturating all educating and learning exercises 3. A lively and grasping social setting 4. A global and socially various learning condition 5. Unequivocal concern and backing for singular turn of events 6. Clear scholastic desires and guidelines 7 Learning patterns of experimentation, input and appraisal . 8. Premium quality learning spaces, assets and advances 9. A versatile educational program The nine core values are interrelated and reliant. Some identify with the expansive scholarly condition of the University while others portray speciï ¬ c segments of the educating and learning process. Together, these standards reï ¬â€šect the parity of proof in the exploration writing on the conditions under which understudy learning flourishes. Every guideline has an immediate bearing on the nature of students’ scholarly turn of events and their general understanding of college life and past as they leave on a procedure of deep rooted learning, whether or not they go to the University as undergrad, postgraduate coursework or postgraduate exploration understudies. Conventional articulations of convictions, qualities and practices can't totally catch the assorted variety and variety present in a huge and complex University. In any case, the fundamental standards introduced in this archive remain constant in spite of varieties over the orders in conventions of grant and in methods of reasoning and approaches towards educating and learning. Without a doubt, the nine standards portrayed here help the procedure of interdisciplinary learning empowered by the Melbourne Model: they give a structure under which educators from various foundations and orders can cooperate to design, create and give reasonable interdisciplinary learning encounters to understudies. A definitive goal of the University of Melbourne’s educating and learning programs is to get ready alumni with particular traits †depicted in the following segment †that empower them to add to our ever-changing worldwide setting in an important and positive manner. The motivation behind the current record is to manage the support and upgrade of instructing and learning principles that serve this end. It is an announcement of what the University people group esteems. All things considered, it has optimistic characteristics and the proposals for good practice offered give praiseworthy benchmarks to which the University is submitted inside the accessibility of assets. Obligations The upkeep of the University of Melbourne’s educating and learning condition is the duty of the entire establishment. This archive identiï ¬ es different University, Faculty and individual duties, however not the entirety of the point by point suggestions apply similarly to all individuals from the University people group. The Academic Board is capable to the University Council for the improvement of scholarly arrangement and the oversight of every scholastic movement of the University of Melbourne, remembering the conservation of exclusive expectations for educating and examination. It has center quality confirmation capacities, including the endorsement of choice measures, the checking of understudy progress, the endorsement of new and changed courses, and the observing of the nature of educating and learning. The Provost is capable to the Vice-Chancellor for the direct, coordination, and nature of the University’s scholastic projects and the arranging of their future turn of events. The Provost gives scholastic authority, working in close joint effort with the Academic Board, senior members and expert staff to guarantee the arrangement of responsibility, spending plans and activities in the conveyance of scholarly projects and predictable, top notch understudy support. The Academic Board and Provost together guarantee that the University: †¢ perceives and remunerates greatness in educating through its arrangements in staff enlistment, determination and advancement models; †¢ gives broad chances to proficient improvement in educating and learning; †¢ underpins and advances research-drove instructing; †¢ creates and keeps up top notch instructing and learning spaces and assets; †¢ puts high significance on the spot of information move exercises in making its degrees pertinent and unmistakable and bolsters its staff and understudies in seeking after such exercises; †¢ energizes and underpins imaginative ways to deal with educating and getting the hang of, including through the utilization of progressions in data and interchanges innovation; and †¢ gives components to on-going educational plan survey including all partners (understudies, network, industry, proficient affiliations, and scholastics) of the substance, structure and conveyance of courses and the learning encounters of understudies. The University is focused on the grant of instructing in the conviction that scholastic staff in an exploration drove condition ought to apply insightful standards to instructing and to the authority of understudy learning. By and by, the grant of instructing includes scholastic staff being acquainted with and drawing on investigation into the connection among educating and understudy learning. It additionally includes assessing and reï ¬â€šecting on the consequences for understudy learning of educational program plan, information move exercises, showing styles and ways to deal with evaluation. The current archive is intended to help thought of the University’s commitments as far as the grant of instructing and to aid the survey and improvement of the nature of individual educating rehearses. Understudies have duties too for the nature of instructing and learning. The adequacy of an advanced education condition can't be communicated basically as far as the test, help, backing and assets gave by showing staff and the University as a foundation. Understudies have correlative duties. Understudies have obligations regarding their own advancement through their degree of commitment, responsibility and time committed to consider. Understudies additionally have commitments to add to the creation and upkeep of a powerful generally speaking educating and learning condition. These commitments include: †¢ teaming up with different understudies in learning; †¢ adding to the University people group and partaking in life past the study hall; †¢ building up a limit with regards to enduring unpredictability and, where fitting, vagueness; †¢ regarding the perspectives of others; †¢ being reï ¬â€šective, imaginative, liberal and open to new thoughts; †¢ effectively taking part in conversation and discussion; †¢ looking for help and direction from staff when essential; †¢ tolerating the duty to move towards scholarly freedom; †¢ being comfortable with the Graduate Attributes and intentionally endeavoring to procure them; †¢ regarding and conforming to the shows of scholastic grant, particularly concerning the initiation of thoughts; and †¢ giving thought about criticism to the University and its staff on the nature of educating and University administrations. The Attributes of University of Melbourne Graduates The University of Melbourne Graduate Attributes are more than basically an optimistic vision of what the University trusts understudies may become during their candidature. They can be utilized for all intents and purposes to direct the arranging and advancement of educating, information move and exploration to guarantee the University’s understudies gain the experience, aptitudes and information essential for graduates in today’s complex worldwide condition. Graduate Attributes The Melbourne Experience empowers graduates to turn into: Scholastically magnificent Graduates will be relied upon to: †¢ have a solid feeling of scholarly honesty and the morals of grant †¢ have inside and out information on their master discipline(s) †¢ arrive at an elevated level of accomplishment recorded as a hard copy, nonexclusive examination exercises, critical thinking and correspondence †¢ be basic and inventive masterminds, with a fitness for proceeded with self-coordinated learning †¢ be skilled at learning in a scope of ways, including through data and correspondence advancements Educated across disciplines Graduates will be required to: †¢ analyze fundamentally, blend

Decision Making and Problem Solving †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Decision Making and Problem Solving. Answer: Presentation: Examination of the business tasks of Apple shows that the business experiences gracefully chain issues. In itself, working conditions in various assembling areas of Apple Inc is essentially an issue in the gracefully chain of the organization (Zsambok 2014). The collecting accomplice of Apple Inc that is Foxconn has likewise articulated about having poor conditions. Basically, in industrial facility of Foxconn, their premise of laborers likewise should be a theme for additional conversation just as thought. According to a report distributed in the year 2010, well beyond 900000 representatives in the stockrooms and heaps of them were essentially understudies that were between the age scopes of 16 years to 18 years who were constrained to chip away at the line for a long time (Apple 2017). What's more, the Chinese distribution centers additionally have a few laborers who are constrained to work extra time on an ordinary way. Be that as it may, in view of a similar article it tends to b e said that the aftereffects of a review mirroring that 73.3% of representatives work 10 hours or more in a day, the normal additional time is around 83.2 hours in a month. This can be alluded to as a reasonable infringement of the official work guidelines, which basically confine month to month additional time to around 36 hours consistently. As needs be, out of 20 laborers who endeavored self destruction, around 14 of them prevailing in their endeavors, in current history. In any case, again at Foxlink that is another segment provider of Apple, a Chinese laborer ended it all during 2012. Basically, there are significant alarms in regards to the working conditions in especially Foxconn distribution centers and different stockrooms of providers of Apple Inc. Furthermore, the second matter of worry of Apple Inc can be related to the relationship between the enterprise and the providers (Proctor 2014). According to a report articulated in The Wall Street Journal, Apple Inc can't document the whole expectation number of deals by the end of the year 2012 inferable from an insufficient flexibly chain (Apple 2017). Besides, providers of Apple don't have the capacity to create sufficient parts for the interest of the item. Despite the fact that Apple Inc has a few providers all around the world, when the whole chain of gracefully is assessed piece by piece, it tends to be seen that a few constituents are chips just as LCD boards. Probably the biggest provider of LCD screen has the arrangement to end giving various items to Apple as uncovered in The Korea Times, as the Korean organization no longer thinks that its worthwhile to continue helping out Apple. Inferable from this, Apple may be left with just two providers of LCD screens who have lack ing experience. By and by, the two providers LGD and AUO are the ones Apple needs to help. Essentially, this can coordinate the route towards inadequate number of items to satisfy the need of the market can cause a major misfortune as far as deals for the organization Apple Inc (Apple 2017). Insufficient control by Apple Inc as respects get together makers additionally make an obstacle in conveyance attributable to issues with the laborers uprising (Taylor 2013). Basically, things are going downhill as respects flexibly chain of Apple Inc, in this way, the cutting edge organization want to embrace activity on the off chance that it expects to keep on to keeping up past degrees of accomplishment. Organization has tilted creative projects that basically tweak and upgrade the inward procedures of the business. In any case, the organization faces certain issues in the worldwide economy that incorporates aggregation of capital for different non-beneficial use. Bain pronounces that by the end of the period 2020, the complete monetary resources in the whole world will add up to $900 trillion and the outcome of the equivalent can undermine a flood in non-money related resource costs specifically items (Apple 2017). Along these lines, Apple can be viewed as a manifestation of that issue accumulating money it gets too terrified else astute dull to spend. Once more, it tends to be seen that there is development in the worldwide white collar class that will be seriously asset hungry and this can either make tremendous issues or probably openings because of the pace of improvement (Pettigrew 2014). In this manner, it very well may be thus said that the eventual fate of America for the mo st part depends on the world framework capacity in procedure of advancement. Apple has fundamentally made a novel market and changed the whole structure of the market of both music just as portable businesses. Nonetheless, as respects flexibly chain process, there is significant distinction from different firms. By and by, fruitful organizations present a change by making illogical thoughts conceivable. Right off the bat, the executives of Apple attempted to determine the issues of gracefully chain by following the methodology Customer Comes First, Cost Cutting comes next (Apple 2017). Basically, Steve Jobs thought about that Apple Inc wants to make prevalent items. To the extent new and imaginative items have a solid offer just as separation, appropriately conveying items to explicit clients can't end up being an issue. Furthermore, individuals from the staff of the firm Apple Inc invest gigantic energy with various providers to make precisely structured items as Apple needed (Pettigrew 2014). As Apple Inc has a few retail locations, the administration of the organization can make request estimate without any problem. In this way, Apple Inc can improve the stock turnover by declining the normal stock. In the event that if Apple keeps up increasingly number of stocks, it is progressively plausible to get harmed or, more than likely out of date. The item life pattern of Apple Inc is longer than regular things with the goal that the firm Apple Inc isn't effectively influenced by various occasional aspects. Regardless, the board of Apple Inc makes forceful strides during the period goodness occasions. As request of differing items can get improved during the period the board of Apple can put arranges via air instead of ocean. Generally, this is basically in light of the fact that Shipping Corporation by especially transport takes a ton in contrast with airship cargo. Besides, Apple has an industrial facility in California with the goal that the organization orders various item s from the manufacturing plant, bringing about improved procedure of gracefully chain (Apple 2017). Retail locations of Apple fundamentally go about as a stocking point between both upstream just as downstream. At last, streamlining techniques of item can be viewed as a suitable system that can be utilized for disposal of pointless lines of item. In that capacity, this can be related to lean assembling. The administration of the organization partitioned their items into various classifications with the goal that administration could deal with and decrease the complexity of gracefully chain. Likewise, gracefully chain the executives practices of Apple Inc additionally remember unprecedented control for stock and confounded programming frameworks that can be viewed as clear-cut advantages that keep Apple on the overall head board. The flexibly chain systems of Apple for defeating distinguished issues incorporate keeping up supported authority in the activity of gracefully chain (Velasquez and Hester 2013). Far beyond this, organizations procedure additionally incorporates distinguishing proof of the idea of an answer of gracefully chain and arrangement of new path with the interest creation capacities. Apples Supply Chain Model: The basic methodologies that are used by the firm Apple in tending to the recognized issue incorporate appropriation of the Apples Supply Chain that centers around innovative work, testing of idea, pre-propelling, propelling and quarterly looking into. Basically, flexibly chain arranging especially at Apple Inc. can be dissected by content investigation component that can help in understanding gracefully chain of present day. New Product Development Process of Supply Chain Planning: The administration of gracefully chain process at Apple Inc incorporates new item advancement technique (NPD). Basically, it is a digestion of innovative work, advertising and different capacities under explicitly gracefully chain the executives that can help in securing of licenses and outsider organizations. For this situation, the executives of Apple Inc makes prepayments to various providers so as to make sure about vital crude materials and tackle complexities of gracefully chain (Apple 2017). Stock Control Approach: Inventory turnover control can be viewed as a conventional monetary measurement to decide the way the organization can proficiently use the money related asset so as to create deals (Velasquez and Hester 2013). Keeping up all out number of significant providers: The flexibly chain the executives in Apple Inc likewise manages keeping up connections between various accomplices of exchanging. Working intimately with key partners can realize serious advantage to the whole firm (Velasquez and Hester 2013). Apple has around 156 merchants over the world. Basically, this measure of providers can be viewed as reasonable. The executives of Different Facilities of Warehouses: The transportation cost can be viewed as one of the most noteworthy piece of the expense of coordinations (Brodbeck and Guillaume 2015). From that point, great administration of related capacity is vital. Apple Inc has a halfway arranged distribution center in California for the board of flexibly chain. Stock Keeping Unit: Stock keeping unit additionally just alluded to as SKA is a significant sign of flexibly chain multifaceted design (Pettigrew 2014). Once more, another significant model of especially telephone however different programming is respected a different thing. Item Life Cycle Approach: The item life cycle approach embraced by the board of Apple helps in understanding the degree to which items can be sold. Life of significant results of Apple Inc is far beyond a year (Apple 2017). Request guaging utilizing life cycle can be respected to be complicated for facilitating gracefully chain issues (Taylor 2013). The administration of Apple Inc can react better by appropriately utili

How Pristiq Works for Panic Disorder

How Pristiq Works for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print How Pristiq Works for Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Tom Varco/Wikimedia Commons More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand SNRIs How Pristiq Treats Panic Common Side Effects Serious Side Effects How Long It Takes to Work Risk Factors View All Back To Top Antidepressant medications are frequently prescribed to help in managing the symptoms of panic disorder.?? Pristiq, the brand name for desvenlafaxine, is one type of antidepressant medication used in the treatment of panic disorder. SNRIs Pristiq belongs to a class of antidepressants called serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Other common SNRIs include Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine). These medications were first used to treat mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder. SNRIs were later found to be an  effective treatment for a variety of mental health conditions.?? Currently, SNRIs are also used to treat panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD). Theyve also been found to be beneficial in treating pain associated with medical conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). How Pristiq Treats Panic Disorder Naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, known as neurotransmitters, are responsible for various bodily functions. These chemical messengers are believed to be imbalanced for those with mental health conditions. Antidepressants work to restabilize certain neurotransmitters. Pristiq specifically impacts the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine?, both of which are thought to be dysregulated in people with panic disorder.?? Serotonin influences many functions including your mood and sleep regulation. Norepinephrine is connected to the fight-or-flight response, which is the way you react to stress and anxiety. Pristiq can help bring equilibrium to these two neurotransmitters, leading to reduced anxiety, less severe panic attacks, and enhanced mood. How SNRIs Work to Treat Panic Disorder Common Side Effects As with any prescribed medication, there are potential side effects of taking Pristiq.?? Here are some of the most common side effects: ConstipationDry mouthDrowsiness and fatigueYawningSexual side effectsDizzinessSweatingAppetite lossStrange dreams You may experience some, all, or none of these side effects. Typically, they diminish or become more manageable over time. When taking Pristiq, consult your doctor if your side effects persist or worsen. Serious Side Effects Contact  your prescribing doctor or pharmacy immediately if you show any strange symptoms or any of these serious side effects:?? An  allergic drug interaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, mouth, or tongue, choking sensations, rash, or hivesHeadacheNauseaCoughSeizuresNosebleedsWeaknessDifficulty concentratingFallingFaintingConfusionUnusual bleeding or bruisingHallucinationsFeverVomitingDiarrheaChest painCoordination difficulties How Long It Takes to Work You probably wont notice immediate improvements when taking Pristiq for the symptoms of panic disorder. Though you may notice changes within a few days to a few weeks when youre first on Pristiq, it may take some time following your treatment plan to see the fuller effects.?? Risk Factors Some of the risk factors involved in taking Pristiq include:?? Black box warning:  In 2007, Pristiq and other antidepressants were given whats called a “black box warning.” This label was prompted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after it was determined that these medications could potentially increase the user’s risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Adolescents and young adults can be especially impacted by this possible side effect. Any young person taking Pristiq must be closely monitored for mood alterations and suicidal thoughts.Alcohol consumption:  Drinking alcohol is not recommended while taking Pristiq as doing so may increase the toxicity of this medication. This can lead to ineffectiveness.Pregnancy/nursing:  Its possible to pass Pristiq to a child during pregnancy or while nursing. If youre pregnant or nursing, consult your doctor about the possible risks of taking Pristiq.Older adults:  The side effects of Pristiq can be more intense for older adults. Monitoring and dosage changes can be made to reduce side effects in older adults. A Word From Verywell The information provided here is meant to be an overview of using Pristiq for panic disorder. It doesnt cover all possible scenarios, such as overdose symptoms, precautions, and contraindications. Always consult your medical provider or pharmacist about any questions or concerns you may have about your Pristiq prescription. Medications to Treat Panic Disorder

American Dream How To Pursuit This Dream - 958 Words

The Pursuit of the American Dream What is the American Dream and how does one obtain it? That question can be answered in a multitude of ways. For some achieving the American Dream means living a better, richer and happier life. Others believe it has more emphasis on just living simply and having a fulfilling life; also having the opportunity to become anything one desires with little determination and hard work. In Watson’s Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream, immigrants, who came to Lawrence in hopes of obtaining a better life, stood up for their rights and fought for a better life. The immigrant’s path to the American Dream was a search for opportunity and dignity. When man is forced to live in†¦show more content†¦O’Sullivan reported the strike committee â€Å"developed leadership among the workers of the most surprising caliber and personality.† The committee established a relief system that assured no one starved during the strike. Child ren of the strikers were sent to live with sympathetic families in other cities so that the strikers would not be forced back into the factories because of hungry children, a tactic used successfully in Europe. On February 24th, a group of mothers accompanied their children to the railroad station. One group of women carried a banner proclaiming, We want bread and roses too. Roses signified the respect due to them as women, rather than just as cheap labor. The slogan caught on and provided the refrain for a popular new song—and the name of one of the most important events in American labor history. Police brutally clubbed the women and their children and threw them into patrol wagons. The ugly scene of February 24th was reported across the nation. Here it’s seen the Watson’s sympathies lie with the immigrants. And the immigrants have shown that they have the power to determine how this strike will play out. In mid-March, after nine weeks, â€Å"an agreement wa s finally reached† (Watson 206), between the workers and owners and the strike ends in their favor. The 1912 labor strike in Lawrence was the first time such large numbers of unskilled andShow MoreRelated The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesis the character of the American Dream in which, in their respective ways, his principle heroes are all trapped.†, can be justified through Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and his short story â€Å"Winter Dreams†. In both pieces of literature, Fitzgerald explores and comments upon Americans and their pursuit of the American Dream through Jay Gatsby and Dexter Green’s pursuit of their â€Å"golden girls†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fitzgerald shows that the American Dream is not easily achievedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1707 Words   |  7 PagesStates, the pursuit of wealth through hard work is the main principle and guideline of life. 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Martin Luther King Jr. wanted every human being, regardless of their race to be treated fairly or just. Independence Day was the day on July 4, 1776 where fifty-sixRead More6. The Value/Danger Of Wealth. These Few Words By John1254 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess of a person, but the pursuit of opulence twisted foundation of the American dream by resulting in greediness. Money enticed people into accomplishing a directive due to its great worth, which could potentially result in good consequences or bad consequences. Wealth can bring about high values and through those high values it could pose the threat of false happiness and popularity, the motivations behind the pursuit of wealth, and the brokenness of the American dream. Happiness and popularity

Ziek Sanchez. Massie And Perry . Pd. 3. April 12, 2017.

Ziek Sanchez Massie and Perry Pd. 3 April 12, 2017 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder From The Vietnam War The Vietnam war was one of the most alarming and dangerous wars to fight. Every step in the Vietnam jungle was taken cautiously. The guerrilla warfare used by the Vietcong was frightening to anticipate. The majority of the United States army was only that of young men who had been chosen through the draft. Young men going to school and living a life at home in safety all the sudden having to make an overwhelming transition into a deadly, violent and nearly hopeless battlefield. This was only the beginning of problems for the future vietnam survivors. The violence of the Vietnam War brought upon the recognition of Post Traumatic Stress†¦show more content†¦When the body does not calm down sometime after the situation it experiences PTSD. Soon after, suffering from nightmares, lack of sleep and flashbacks become common side effects of the disorder. The Vietnam War was one of the most intense, stressful and exhilarating wars to fight due to the factors of fear and not knowing t he surrounding environment. Vietnam’s land is a jungle filled with natural dangers. Monsoons were common on the Vietnam land, which made harsh wet and hot fighting conditions. Animals such as snakes and scorpions made it dangerous to wander blindly in the jungle. On top of all the natural dangers and conditions of the land, the communist enemy known as the Vietcong were known for their use of booby traps such as bear traps, wooden stakes applied to dangerous designs, and use of poison. American soldiers found these factors made it hard to fight a war and found it even harder to fight when the U.S Army couldn’t discriminate the enemy from civilians. The Vietcong and South Vietnamese were the same people with different views, so this made war hard to fight when it is nearly impossible to identify the enemy. The use of guerrilla warfare made it difficult to beat the enemy in a foreign jungle terrain. The Vietcong having the upper hand in almost every aspect of the war mad e warfare conditions very stressful for American soldiers. Most of the American soldiers were already experiencing anxiety and stress due

Fuzzy Logic Free Essays

Overview The reasoning in fuzzy logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terminology used in fuzzy logic not used in other methods are: very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. [4] [edit]Degrees of truth Fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic are mathematically similar – both have truth values ranging between 0 and 1 – but conceptually distinct, due to different interpretations—see interpretations of probability theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to â€Å"degrees of truth†, while probabilistic logic corresponds to â€Å"probability, likelihood†; as these differ, fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them can be represented by a certain fuzzy set. Then one might define the glass as being 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. edit]Applying truth values A basic application might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several separate membership functions defining particular temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled. Fuzzy logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature scale. A point on that scale has three â€Å"truth values†Ã¢â‚¬â€one for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as â€Å"not hot†. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as â€Å"slightly warm† and the blue arrow (pointing at 0. 8) â€Å"fairly cold†. [edit]Linguistic variables While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5] A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. [edit]Example Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF-THEN rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices. Rules are usually expressed in the form: IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this: IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no â€Å"ELSE† – all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be â€Å"cold† and â€Å"normal† at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and omplement; when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y: NOT x = (1 – truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as â€Å"very†, or â€Å"somewhat†, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. [edit]Logical analysis In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of â€Å"fuzzy logic†; most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. edit]Propositional fuzzy logics The most important propositional fuzzy logics are: Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is product t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelka’s logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. edit]Predicate fuzzy logics These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. [edit]Decidability i ssues for fuzzy logic The notions of a â€Å"decidable subset† and â€Å"recursively enumerable subset† are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic. Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. U denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,1]. A fuzzy subset s : S [0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h : S? N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement –s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds true (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable. In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermann’s paper). Another open uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godel’s theorems to fuzzy logic. [edit]Fuzzy databases Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova’s dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fuk ami model or the GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. [edit]Comparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko argues[citation needed] that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty. He also claims[citation needed] to have proven a derivation of Bayes’ theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. [6]) [edit]See also Logic portal Thinking portal Artificial intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert system False dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classification Fuzzy concept Fuzzy Control Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine learning Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite element Noise-based logic [edit]Notes ^ Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 ^ â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets†, Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. ^ James A. O’Brien; George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 431. ^ Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 ^ Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable tool for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and System s 156 (2005) 341—348. [edit]Bibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B. C. (2010). â€Å"Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis†. Applied Soft Computing 10 (3): 926–937. Biacino, L. ; Gerla, G. (2002). â€Å"Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness†. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7): 643–667. doi:10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook: a practitioner’s guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. Boston: AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). â€Å"Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics†. Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 (1): 137–162. doi:10. 2178/jsl/1140641166. ISSN 0022-4812. Hajek, Petr (1998). Metamathematics of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 0792352386. Hajek, Petr (1995). â€Å"Fuzzy logic and arithmetical hierarchy†. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 3 (8): 359–363. doi:10. 1016/0165-0114(94)00299-M. ISSN 0165-0114. Halpern, Joseph Y. (2003). Reasoning about uncertainty. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08320-5. Hoppner, Frank; Klawonn, F. ; Kruse, R. ; Runkler, T. (1999). Fuzzy cluster analysis: methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98864-2. Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. Klir, George J. ; Folger, Tina A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-345984-5. Klir, George J. ; St Clair, Ute H. ; Yuan, Bo (1997). Fuzzy set theory: foundations and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133410587. Klir, George J. ; Yuan, Bo (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-101171-5. Kosko, Bart (1993). Fuzzy thinking: the new science of fuzzy logic. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8021-X. Kosko, Bart; Isaka, Satoru (July 1993). â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Scientific American 269 (1): 76–81. doi:10. 1038/scientificamerican0793-76. Montagna, F. (2001). â€Å"Three complexity problems in quantified fuzzy logic†. Studia Logica 68 (1): 143–152. doi:10. 1023/A:1011958407631. ISSN 0039-3215. Mundici, Daniele; Cignoli, Roberto; D’Ottaviano, Itala M. L. (1999). Algebraic foundations of many-valued reasoning. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-6009-5. Novak, Vilem (1989). Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications. Bristol: Adam Hilger. ISBN 0-85274-583-4. Novak, Vilem (2005). â€Å"On fuzzy type theory†. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 149 (2): 235–273. doi:10. 1016/j. fss. 2004. 03. 027. Novak, Vilem; Perfilieva, Irina; Mockor, Jiri (1999). Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0. Onses, Richard (1996). Second Order Experton: A new Tool for Changing Paradigms in Country Risk Calculation. ISBN 8477195587. Onses, Richard (1994). Determination de l? incertitude inherente aux investissements en Amerique Latine sur la base de la theorie des sous ensembles flous. Barcelona. ISBN 8447508811. Passino, Kevin M. ; Yurkovich, Stephen (1998). Fuzzy control. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 020118074X. Pedrycz, Witold; Gomide, Fernando (2007). Fuzzy systems engineering: Toward Human-Centerd Computing. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978047178857-7. Pu, Pao Ming; Liu, Ying Ming (1980). â€Å"Fuzzy topology. I. Neighborhood structure of a fuzzy point and Moore-Smith convergence†. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 76 (2): 571–599. doi:10. 1016/0022-247X(80)90048-7. ISSN 0022-247X Santos, Eugene S. (1970). â€Å"Fuzzy Algorithms†. Information and Control 17 (4): 326–339. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(70)80032-8. Scarpellini, Bruno (1962). â€Å"Die Nichaxiomatisierbarkeit des unendlichwertigen Pradikatenkalkuls von Lukasiewicz†. Journal of Symbolic Logic (Association for Symbolic Logic) 27 (2): 159–170. doi:10. 2307/2964111. ISSN 0022-4812. JSTOR 2964111. Steeb, Willi-Hans (2008). The Nonlinear Workbook: Chaos, Fractals, Cellular Automata, Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, Gene Expression Programming, Support Vector Machine, Wavelets, Hidden Markov Models, Fuzzy Logic with C++, Java and SymbolicC++ Programs: 4edition. World Scientific. ISBN 981-281-852-9. Wiedermann, J. (2004). â€Å"Characterizing the super-Turing computing power and efficiency of classical fuzzy Turing machines†. Theor. Comput. Sci. 317 (1-3): 61–69. doi:10. 1016/j. tcs. 2003. 12. 004. Yager, Ronald R. ; Filev, Dimitar P. (1994). Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01761-2. Van Pelt, Miles (2008). Fuzzy Logic Applied to Daily Life. Seattle, WA: No No No No Press. ISBN 0-252-16341-9. Wilkinson, R. H. (1963). â€Å"A method of generating functions of several variables using analog diode logic†. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers 12 (2): 112–129. doi:10. 1109/PGEC. 1963. 263419. Zadeh, L. A. (1968). â€Å"Fuzzy algorithms†. Information and Control 12 (2): 94–102. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(68)90211-8. ISSN 0019-9958. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). â€Å"Fuzzy sets†. Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X. ISSN 0019-9958. Zemankova-Leech, M. (1983). Fuzzy Relational Data Bases. Ph. D. Dissertation. Florida State University. Zimmermann, H. (2001). Fuzzy set theory and its applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-7435-5. [edit]External links How to cite Fuzzy Logic, Papers

Ambiguous Claims Quiz Essay Example

Ambiguous Claims Quiz Essay Ambiguous Claims Quiz I (See related pages) Your Results: The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . Identify the ambiguity in these examples. 1 A claim whose ambiguity is due to the ambiguity of a particular word or phrase. B) Semantic ambiguity. 2 A claim whose ambiguity is due to a problem with its structure. B) Syntactic ambiguity. 3 A claim whose ambiguity rests on a confusion between a collection of entities or individual entities. A) Grouping ambiguity. 4 This morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. B) Syntactic Ambiguity 5 Hands were around before forks were. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 6 Our mothers bore us. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 7 I thought your driveway was longer than it is. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 8 Newspaper headline: Unskilled Workers Get Shot at Jobs. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity Americans have shown themselves willing to drop nuclear weapons. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 10 Dad, for my lunch tomorrow you should peel the star fruit and then cut it into pieces and put them in a plastic bag. Its easier that way. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 11 Sign in front of a vacant lot: Fine for Littering. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Diluting the Bucket List

Diluting the Bucket List Diluting the Bucket List Diluting the Bucket List By Maeve Maddox The idiom â€Å"to kick the bucket,† meaning â€Å"to die,† has been used in English since the eighteenth century. The term â€Å"bucket list† makes its earliest appearance on the Ngram Viewer in 1962, forty-five years before it was popularized by the movie The Bucket List (2007). A â€Å"bucket list† is a list of things that a person hopes to experience or achieve before dying. In the movie, a character played by Morgan Freeman is diagnosed with lung cancer and makes such a list. Less than a decade has passed since the movie popularized the term, and already it has dwindled into a mere synonym for â€Å"to-do list.† A â€Å"to-do list† is a list of tasks that need to be completed during a period of time. A typical daily to-do list might look like this: 1. cut grass 2. pick up cleaning 3. take cat to vet 4. play basketball 5. renew library book An advertising campaign called â€Å"Summer Bucket List† alerted me to the fact that the term â€Å"bucket list† is being used as a synonym for â€Å"to-do list.† The ads show people drinking beer and engaging in ordinary summer activities. The â€Å"bucket list† in the context of the ads is simply a list of outdoor activities to be fitted into one’s schedule before the end of summer. The same day I saw one of the â€Å"summer bucket list† ads, I watched a rerun of Bones (television crime series) and heard two characters discuss goals to be achieved before the age of thirty as â€Å"a bucket list.† I suppose this use could be argued as being metaphoric: â€Å"life after thirty equals death.† Here are some examples in which â€Å"bucket list† seems to be overkill: But dont let high school pass you by- be sure to make the most of your last days before college by creating your own senior year bucket list full of things you want to do or accomplish by graduation day. - Huffington Post. Back when my hubby and I first got married almost 7 years ago, we had some fairly standard items on our â€Å"before baby† bucket list.  - Maternity advice blog. To help you take these last months [of college] by storm, we’ve compiled the ultimate bucket list of things you’ve been meaning to do since freshman year. - MTV site. Write yourself a marriage bucket list to ensure that you and your spouse’s first year together is one full of fun, love and laughter!- Wedding advice site. It was inevitable that â€Å"bucket list† would morph into â€Å"list of things to be done before a particular event- not necessarily dying- takes place.† To me, the use of â€Å"bucket list† in such contexts sounds creepy, especially when the terminal event is something joyous, like the birth of a baby. Related post: â€Å"Pushing Up Daisies† and Other Euphemisms for Death Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers40 Idioms with First

Preventing Pet Theft for Cruel Purposes

Preventing Pet Theft for Cruel Purposes Organized pet thieves steal cats and dogs for two main purposes- to use as bait in dogfighting and to sell to laboratories through B dealers. Because pet theft is illegal, it is difficult to estimate the number of animals involved, but it is believed to be in the tens of thousands annually. How Are Cats and Dogs Stolen? Cats and dogs can be stolen from front yards, backyards, cars, streets, or sidewalks when the guardian goes into a store and leaves the dog tied up outside. Another popular way to steal cats and dogs is to answer free to a good home ads. The thief answers the ad, pretending to want to adopt the animal. Later, the animal is sold to a laboratory or used as bait in dogfighting. To prevent pet theft and for other reasons, it is important to always charge an adoption fee and to never give an animal away to a stranger for free. Even though the animal was given away for free, obtaining the animal in this way, under false pretenses, can be considered theft by deception which is a crime. B Dealers - Selling Animals to Laboratories B Dealers are animal dealers licensed under the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C.  §2131) to sell dogs and cats commercially, including to laboratories. The regulations adopted under the AWA can be found at 9 C.F.R. 1.1, where Class B Licensee is defined as a dealer whose business includes the purchase and/or resale of any animal. This term includes brokers, and operators of an auction sale, as such individuals negotiate or arrange for the purchase, sale, or transport of animals in commerce. Class A Licensees are breeders, while Class C Licensees are exhibitors. B dealers are random source dealers who do not breed animals themselves. To prevent fraud and pet theft, B dealers are allowed to obtain dogs and cats only from other licensed dealers and from animal pounds or shelters. Under 9 C.F.R.  § 2.132, B dealers are not allowed to obtained animals by use of false pretenses, misrepresentation, or deception. B dealers are required to maintain accurate and complete records, including records on [h]ow, where from whom, and when the dog or cat was obtained. B dealers often work with bunchers who do the actual stealing in a pet theft ring. Despite federal regulations and record-keeping requirements, pet theft rings regularly steal animals in various ways and resell them to laboratories. Records are easily falsified, and animals are often transported across state lines to minimize the chances of someone finding their stolen pet. The American Anti-Vivisection Society lists B dealers and their Animal Welfare Act violations. In one notorious case, B dealer C.C. Baird lost his license and was fined $262,700, as a result of an investigation by Last Chance for Animals. LCA is the leading organization in the U.S. raising awareness about B dealers. The USDA maintains a list of licensed B dealers, organized by state. Keep in mind that not all B dealers sell stolen animals to laboratories, and most sell animals as part of the legal animal trade. Bait Animals for Dogfighting Cats, dogs and  even rabbits can be stolen and used as bait in dogfighting. In a dogfight, two dogs are put together in an enclosure and fight to the death or until one can no longer continue. Audience members bet on the outcome, and thousands of dollars can change hands at a single dogfight. Dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states but is thriving among both professional dogfighters and thrill-seeking teenagers. The bait animals are used to test or train a dog to be as vicious and aggressive as possible. What You Can Do The Pet Safety and Protection Act of 2011, H.R. 2256, would prohibit B dealers from selling animals for use in research. LCA urges everyone to contact their federal legislators, in support of the bill. You can look up your representative on the House of Representatives website, while your senators can be found on the official Senate website. Find out more about the bill from the LCA website. To prevent pet theft, microchip your animals and never leave your animal unattended outside. This is common sense protection not only from pet theft but also from predators, exposure, and other threats. You can learn more about pet theft and B dealers from Last Chance for Animals, including more ways to fight pet theft by B dealers. Pet Theft and Animal Rights From an animal rights standpoint, pet theft is a tragedy, but using any animal for dogfighting or for vivisection violates the animals rights, regardless of whether the animal was stolen or used to be a pet.

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering Essay

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering - Essay Example The concept is applied with reference to engineering and computer science principles and practices, when exploring the development, operability and the maintenance of software systems. This paper will explore the aspects that differentiate software from other fields of engineering like mechanical and electrical engineering. The paper will also discuss the specific characteristics of the ‘software’ product, which differentiate the field from other engineering domains. The differences between software engineering and other traditional engineering disciplines The field of software engineering, unlike other traditional fields of engineering, can be traced to the growth in the field of computing and information technology. The growth in the field of computing and information technology has prompted the tremendous growth of the field of software engineering (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). On the other hand, other fields of engineering can be traced to the development a nd the growth of respective fields of study and practice, and not necessarily the field of computing and information technology (Sommerville, 2008). ... erent from traditional engineering disciplines, in that many of the other fields of engineering – including civil, chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering – can be traced to the discrete application of mathematical basements. On the other hand, software engineering can be traced to the application of technical computer and mathematical science principles, which resulted from the need of maintaining and improving software systems (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). This difference shows that the field depends, mainly, on the principles of discrete mathematics, particularly that related to logic (Jones, 1995). Software engineering is different from traditional engineering fields, in that many of the engineers practicing these other fields construct real artifacts, but software engineers construct virtual/ abstract artifacts. This points out that the products developed by software engineers may not be subjected to the evaluation and the testing which is releva nt to those produced by the engineering practicing in the traditional fields. Additionally, traditional engineering fields are mature fields incorporating continuous mathematics and physical sciences, but software engineering is more immature, and reliant on discrete mathematics and computer sciences (Herbsleb and Goldenson, 1996). In traditional engineering, there are two major concerns about the products produced, including the costs of production and the reliability of the product, which is a function of time and failure (Jalote, 2005). On the other hand, in software engineering, the main concerns related to the products developed include the costs of development and the reliability of the virtual product, which is a function of the number of errors noted for every thousand lines of the source

Critically Assess Whether Monetary Union Within The EU Has Been Essay

Critically Assess Whether Monetary Union Within The EU Has Been Successful And Discuss Suggested Changes Which Could Be Made To - Essay Example It will also lay out some of the discussion regarding the debt crisis and the importance of the European Central Bank in the current situation. The Success of Monetary Union within the European Union The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has been extraordinary in the contemporary history of the European economy and was successful in altering the international economic landscape. Following a decade of its release, the Euro was successful in offering steadiness with regard to businesses along with the national economies. The Euro protects against tentative sprints in relation to the national currencies. A sole monetary policy that was adopted for the Member States, which was united with synchronized global fiscal policies, was capable of promoting macroeconomic steadiness. The EMU successfully encouraged Europe of economic integration and also amplified investments, financial incorporation and cross-border business. EMU within the EU also facilitated in enhancing the budgetary discipli ne and even took care and stabilised the repositioning of the exchange rate which were known to upset the European economy at regular intervals in the past (European Union, 2009). The EMU had even augmented the EU’s flexibility to unfavourable jolts and facilitated in promoting management of the international economy by the EU. Besides these the tangible advantages that were generated by the EMU gave rise to or created strong public finances and strengthened the worldwide position of Euro (European Union, 2009). Discussion of the Problems and the Suggested Changes By entering the Euro zone, European countries lost their monetary independence and also their central banks, which in cases like that of the current crisis would back the countries’ sovereign bonds. This is a drawback of the European monetary system and the European Central Bank (ECB) should be allowed to â€Å"stand behind solvent and sovereigns with unconditional and unlimited liquidity† (The Economi st, 2011, p. 65). Whether Germany can accept this situation is still to be seen, but it should admit the implications and get ready for a breakdown of monetary union or try to act in symphony with other various member states. A parallel, although not obvious, could be traced with Argentina’s debt issues a decade ago. Argentina had its peso fixed to the dollar, maintaining something close to a monetary union with the US. In 2001 to early 2002 it suffered a debt and currency crisis leading that country to default. Source: (Hugh, 2011). However, this has not been an option for Greece. German finance minister holds the keys to the money printing machines. The German Chancellor needs to be approached to receive consent for the reason of printing money. Therefore, this trims down the prudence enjoyed by the Portuguese government, but the ways by which the Eurozone gets affected owing to this still need to be explored. In order to further comprehend the aspect, help of an assumption can be taken. For instance, a Chinese

Examining The Social Structure Theories In The Economy Criminology Essay

Examining The Social Structure Theories In The Economy Criminology Essay Social structure theories assert that the disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime.   The theories state that neighborhoods which are lower class force of strain, frustration and disorganization that create crime (Shanali-Justicia). Social Disorganization, Strain Theory and Culture Deviance are a few of the social structure criminology theories that are used to explain crime. Other social theories that fall into this category are Culture of Poverty and the truly disadvantage theory. The theory of social disorganization is that crime and delinquency is caused when communities fail. There is a breakdown of families, church, schools and government in the community. Social disorganization theorizes that these relationships reinforce positive behavior, a sense of community responsibility and concern for the social network within a close area (Hardy, 2010). When these relationships breakdown or do not exist the communities and its inhabitants lose its sense of structure and this is believed to be the causation of crime and delinquent behavior. The cycle of Social Disorganization is thought to start with poverty, where there is lack of opportunities and racial discrimination. The lack of opportunities breaks down the social institutions and organizations and this leads to the erosion of traditional values. This breakdown leads juveniles to seek the acceptance from peers and a sense of belonging from gangs. Once these gangs form there is a loss of social control or it b ecomes less effective. When this control is lost neighborhoods become more prone to crime and this detracts from investors which reduces opportunities in the community. Eventually this becomes the norm and this way of life is passed onto the next generation. The formation of criminal careers if formed and the cycle continues for some while others grow out of their delinquent phase. Populace in these disorganized areas can feel neglected, frustrated and ostracized from the economic mainstream, they develop feelings of hopelessness and anger which sociologist state are signs of strain (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 89). This strain develops and theorist state it leads people to commit criminal offenses, because they lack the opportunities for success. The opportunity for a better life seems to be beyond their reach, so people turn to deviant behavior to achieve their goals because they feel that society has let them down. Cultural Deviance Theory is a combination of both the effects of social disorganization and strain. It is thought that the lower socio-economic populaces create an independent subculture where they have their own rules and values. Juveniles in lower class neighborhoods adapt to their environment, they become cynical and have no respect for authority. Conventional values make little sense to a youth whose role models may include gun runner, drug deale rs and pimps (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 91). Teachers and other authority figures become secondary citizens to these juveniles and they cannot conform to the rules as other members of society do. These juveniles experience a form of culture conflict as a result they never achieve their goals and eventually get caught up in the life of gangs and deviant behavior. The populace of this poverty culture is marked by frustration of their environment. There is a lack of trust of police and government and this mistrust stalls people from this environment from seeking other advantageous opportunities or ones that are available to them. The results of this environment are depression and possibly psychological issues. Inner-cities that suffer from economic changes have an increase of crime; they become ingrained in a cycle of poverty, unemployment and crime. These people are considered the truly disadvantage living in communities with poorly organized social networks, alienated populations and high crime (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 85) Theorists such as Clifford Shaw, Henry McKay, and Robert Merton have similar views on social structure theories. While Elijah Anderson believed that juveniles committed crimes because of their socio-economic living conditions there were rendered incapable of achieving success (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 92). A juvenile turned to crime because it was their only way of achieving success. They feel that their only option is to join gangs and engage in behavior that is deviant. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay believe that delinquency is mainly the consequence of a collapse of institutional, community-based controls (Wong, 2009). Shaw and McKay believed that people that lived in situations such as these responded to the disorganization of their environment. They believe that delinquent behavior was a result of social disorganization, because the neighborhoods they lived in were transitional neighborhoods. This was an area where there was a shift in population; the middle class neighborhood would transition to a mixture of lower class people. When this transition would occur the family would become rooted in the neighborhood and the values that they developed such as belonging to gangs and criminal behavior would be passed onto the next generation. Similar to Shaw and McKay, Robert Merton believe that society was the cause of deviant behavior, because society put pressure on people to achieve the American dream. Merton believed that society expected an individual to conform or either work within its structure. When a person cannot conform they become members of a deviant subculture. Merton argued that upper class children are less likely to commit delinquent acts because they have the means and ability to obtain an education and stable employment. While lower class juveniles do not have the same means they feel the social and psychological strain or anomie. Merton believed this condition caused juveniles to commit criminal acts to achieve their goals and even if they were offered the means to achieve these goals legally, they would reject those acceptable means of deviant ones (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 89). The theory that I most associate with my belief that juveniles commit crimes is the based Cultural Deviance theory. I think that juveniles conform to their environment and as a result have a lower set of goals and values than those of society. Juveniles that grow up in lower economic levels become hardened in their environment and develop an outer shell that shows no fear and have accepted because they play hard they will probably die young. These juveniles do not hesitate to use violence to get the message across nor do they consider the consequences of their actions. The goals that these juveniles set for themselves are reaching the top level in their gangs and increasing their drug sales. These juveniles cannot understand the concept of hard work and setting realistic goals like other members of society and because they fail to achieve success in life they are quick to blame the man for their failures.

Administrative ethics

The moral attributes that a person exercises in an administration office are such as honesty and devotion to a person’s duties; principles and a sense of responsibility for one’s actions and words that the person uses is part of administrative ethics.Moral principles which a person should apply in administrative ethics specify the rights and duties that a person should respect especially when dealing with matters that seriously affect other individuals and the entire society. The principles also specify conditions that collective policies and practices should satisfy when dealing with individual persons or the society.A person with morals of should ask whether the action performed serves everyone’s interest and whether it is accepted by all even those who were not aware of their particular circumstances. However it should not be specific to one person because this neglects the opinion of others which is vital and needs to be considered when dealing with people. ( Thompson, 1985).Statistics show that America has over 250,000 rivers which occupy a space of 3.5miles of its land. Its largest river is the Mississippi river which at its mouth has a flow volume of 593,000 cubic feet per second. The longest river in America is river Missouri whose length is about 2,500 miles. Other rivers are such as Yukon, Rio Grande, St. Lawrence, Arkansas, Colorado, Atchafalaya, Ohio, Red, Brazos, Columbia   and Snake among others.Since the signing of declaration of independence for America, rapid building of dams in the rivers have taken place and currently statistics show that 600,000 miles of rivers in America have been used for dams which range between 60,000 to 80,000 in number. These figures amount to 17% percent of the nation’s river mileage.95% of dams in the U.S. are owned by private companies or persons and they are regulated by the state dam safety agencies in the country. The dams provide many benefits both to the owners and the country and t he people around the facility.Domestic water supply, flood protection, hydro electric power, industrial water supply, agriculture and recreation are some of the benefits that are derived from dam construction.On the other hand, dams can cause economic and societal risks such as floods, excessive leakage and internal erosion of the land beneath the dam. Dams can cause both positive and negative effects on the environmental, effects on wild life living in the rivers and the economy of a country.This therefore calls for careful construction to eliminate the negative effects. The persons who have the interest of dam construction should therefore ask themselves whether it is morally to go ahead and build it. They should be able to know whether their actions are right and whether they bring a good effect in the other person or not.Since the start of building of dams in America, the receivors have brought many effects on the environment; both positive and negative. On the positive side, da ms have proofed to be very useful to the people as well as the country itself. The dams have been used for recreation, for controlling floods as well as for generation of power and job creation. (Macline & Siccohio, 1999).There are several positive effects on the environment that result from construction of dam; the following are some of the benefits enjoyed by the environment and support dam construction.According to (Moignr, Feder & Garbus, 1992), dam construction and holding of reservoirs have prevented sediments from moving down the stream or going to the shows of beaches on lakes and oceans. This makes the ocean shows and the river streams clean.Dams are able to control floods in their area of construction and thus reduce the dangers that are related to floods such as death of people and animals, loss of property and destruction of agricultural land. Drainage in the area and land improvement precautions are improved and this results to increase in soil productivity and conseque ntly increased production of agricultural products.Dam construction reduce the pollution effect especially in the downstream because their storage reservoirs which reduce the pollution materials coming from upstream.People in the area benefit from electricity energy generated from the dams thus increasing productivity and general development in the area.Dam construction in and area brings an increase in number of transport means especially if there is waterway transport services. There is increased availability of drinking and domestic water in homesteads therefore people lead a more comfortable life. This means that people have access to safe drinking water within their reach and they are able to use the water for their dairy chores.Agricultural production is increased due to availability of irrigation water from the constructed dams in an area. Fishing activities also take place in the dams improving people’s lives as well as raising their living standards.  However negat ive effects are also experienced in the environment due to construction of dams.Dam construction leads to change of water flow which changes and interrupts most of the ecological processes of a river. Sediments of a river, nutrients, biota and energy of a river are interrupted by dam construction.The dams have also brought severe detrimental effects to the environment which includes loss of animals that live in water, soil erosion and loss of land.According to (Scott & Smith, 2001), dam construction results to destruction of nature which changes water regime and as a result some detrimental effects may take place such as; unexpected floods and destruction of vegetation and nature structures which have formed on the river banks.Earth quakes can also be experienced around the area due to the large volume of water which is filled in the water receivers. This was experienced in America as a result of construction of Hoover dam, the area near the dam has now been depressed bringing serio us environmental problem. Old dams have also collapsed due to the weight of the lake which has resulted to many deaths and floods in an area. . (Duflo &Pande, 2007).Problems have also been experienced between two countries as a result of blockage of water due to a dam construction in one country and hindering flow of water of that river into the next country. Dam construction also results in increase in evaporation of water due to the increase in the water surface area.Change in climate is experienced due to changes in air moisture percentage, big scales of air movement and change of temperature due to the big mass of stagnant water in an area. Although these changes are not harmful to humans, they are experienced and can be noted in animals and plants which in turn bring secondary effects to humans.Floods experienced as a result of dam construction lead to loss of soil and water nutrients and therefore the agricultural activities in the area are affected greatly. (Shai, 2007).Incre ase in water borne diseases such as typhoid, typhus, fever, malaria and cholera may be experienced by humans due to the stagnant water caused by dam construction.Dam construction affects social, cultural and economic structures of people’s lives especially those who are forced to move out of their homesteads and settle in different areas so the dams cab be constructed.Apart from the environment, construction of dams also has effects on wild life that live in water masses. Fish, crocodiles, hippopotamus and other reptiles are affected both negatively and positively by the construction of dams.There are several positive effects experienced by the wildlife;Construction of dams on rivers have created a clean environment for egg laying fishes in the ocean and the river beds because holding of sediments by the dams has prevented the sediments from interfering with the zones where the fish and other animals lay their eggs.Construction of dams may also result to generation of new spe cies in the water masses. This is due to the change in temperature of the water, change in salt concentration and change in oxygen distribution in water. (Scott & Smith, 2001),Apart from the benefits drawn from dam construction by the animals, there are negative effects which actually outlay the positive effects.Constructions of dams on rivers hinder reproduction of migrating fishes due to the flood effect that destroy the egg beds where the animals initially laid their eggs. The egg bed is also destructed as a result of digging up of the bed and the varnishing works done on them. (Macline & Siccohio, 1999).Dams hinder the normal passing ways of aquatic animals. This leads to reduction in population of aquatics especially fish due to lack of ovulation and feeding of animals especially those that are upstream. There is a likelihood of fish damage as they pass through the turbines, floodgates and pumps of the dams. Drainage of marshy waters and other water masses as the construction w ork goes on affects the animals living in them and they may also die. (Moignr, Feder & Garbus, 1992),Water quality changes greatly due to drainage of irrigation water, this may lead to increase in salt density in the water and over transfer of food raising the emergence of water lichens and also change the living species which are in the water. Species may also change due to erosion caused by human activities and increased mud levels in the water due to the construction of the dams.Dam construction results to discharge of toxic materials in the water such as toxic metals and pesticides. This affects sensitive animals, changes their food chains and may also result to extinction of the animals due to death. (McCranes, 1978).The water at the bottom of a reservoir of a dam is usually very cold as compared to the normal water flowing in the rivers; the same water does not have enough oxygen and this puts a great risk to the animals which live downstream because they experience a differen t environment and they are likely to migrate or even die as a result.Dam construction in an area brings several economic changes which may be for the benefit of the country and the people living around or may lead to destruction of the economy.(Duflo &Pande, 2007), examined dam effects in a country and concluded that the population of people living downstream benefit in a large way especially from the water from the dams and they don’t have to rely on rainfall for they crops; they are able to irrigate their land and therefore lead to increase agricultural productivity in the area. Their land in insulated from precipitation shortfall and increase their yields.Importance of dams in an economy is that it produces electricity at a constant rate which is used to develop the place by being in areas such as factories, schools, recreational areas and other areas that improve an economy of a place.Electricity from the dams is also economically viable because it can be shut down when n ot in use, the dams are also able to produce electricity for, and many years therefore they give a surety of power for economical use.Dam construction in an area is said to bring employment opportunities for the people who live in the area. Dams need a lot of human resource during its construction and after, casual workers, engineers and other important posts need to be filled to ensure that its construction and management is well carried out. Many people therefore are able to benefit from employment and this improves their living stands as well as their economy.There is increased trade in the area which improves the lives of the people living there. Small businesses thrive and therefore the economic level of the place as well as the people goes up and the living standards become better.Industrial development in the area speeds up, due to irrigation of crops and availability of hydro electric power. Food production becomes high and therefore the people are able to feed well and trad e with other products.On the other hand, the economy may experience negative effects from dams; the negative effects of dams to the economy of an area are mostly experienced by the people living upstream, this is because their land and forests are destroyed particularly when the dams’ receivers are filled.Increase in salinity and excessive diffusion of land which is near the dam area, also damages production activities of the people living upstream due to this, it reduces agricultural products, they also suffer from rainfall reduction and rapid reduction of their yields. (Duflo &Pande, 2007).Dam construction and especially Yosemite dam led to destruction of a national park which was known for its positive land use and instead the land was flooded so as to create a recreational around the dam. This shows that construction of dams results to loss of useful land which would have otherwise be very productive.Dam construction however is very expensive and it has to be built at a v ery high standard, this means that a lot of money is spent in the construction process and once the dam is finished, it takes many years for it to bring profits to the country.Dam construction brings loss of businesses and homes for people as a result suffer economic losses. Areas that flood due to the dam also cause people to move out of their lands and many of their crops and property is destroyed. (Kader, 2000).Dams bring recreational services to an area and these services improve the area in a positive way. Dam construction leads to attraction of both domestic and international tourists. Dams also provide water sports, pleasure activities as well as leisure especially from the dams that form behind the dams.Dam construction brings about many developments in an area. Social building such as hotels, clubs and restaurants thrive in the area and attracts many people from the area and also from outside the region. Schools, churches and hospitals also develop in the area thus creating better living standards for the people and bringing the area into life and making people become more active.New roads are also constructed as a result of dam construction in the area. This means that people are able to access the area well for recreation and other reasons.The political issues that arise as a result of building dams in American rivers determine whether the rivers are being managed or mismanaged, this is due to the fact that America and its citizens depends on the health of these rivers and the decisions which are made should go beyond dam building or dam removal into the society that depends on these rivers for survival.Policy makers in America are putting their effort in changing the management of the rivers in America by trying to remove dams which are built in them and simulating the seasonal flow of the rivers so as to restore the habitat; their work however has had an unstable degrees of success. (Workman, 2006).Many people who have dealt with dam politics like William Lowry described the efforts to restore rivers in America by looking at how rivers and public policy interact. He looked at the physical differences in rivers which affect the set policies as go further to analyzing political difference of the different people who use the rivers.Rivers should be restored by making sure that the water quality is restored, seasonal flows are back as well as the natural habitat such as fish, hippopotamus and crocodile are back into the rivers. He further seeks to whether the degree of restoration is affected by the existing political circumstances. (Workman, 2006).Dams and dam construction should be well managed to ensure that they are safe and prevent any detrimental effects on the living things and property which is around it. It should be put in mind that if a dam fails, it would bring floods to homes, businesses, and roads and destroy many other properties.A maintenance and repair program for dams should be set to ensure that dams are safe. This should include frequent checks on the dykes, water levels and the walls of then dam to ensure that they are safe and are able to hold the amount of water to as to avoid breakage of the wall which would lead to floods and property destruction.(Wehr, 2004).Emergency action plans should be put in place to take care of any hazards which may occur in the dams. Personnel shouldn’t always be ready to take care of any casualties which may be reported so that the destruction effect is reduced.A fully staffed group and safety program should be set so that they can come and carry out a periodic inspection on the dam to ensure that the dam is safe for people and the animals. The groups should approve designs for dam construction and carry out the construction inspection to ensure that it is up to standard. Reference:Duflo, Esther, & Pande, R. (2007). Dams, 122(2): 601–46.Quarterly Journal of Economics

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